Description

The monument comprises the remains of a chambered cairn dating from the Neolithic period, probably built between 4000 BC and 2500 BC. It is visible as a round mound measuring approximately 15m in diameter and 4m high. There is a substantial amount of cairn material remaining and some large orthostats of the chamber are visible. The cairn appears to be broadly aligned southeast-northwest with a possible southeast facing passage. The site is located within boggy moorland south of Loch Urigill and just west of the Allt Cromalt river at around 175m above sea level. 

The scheduled area is circular, measuring 35m in diameter. It includes the remains described above, and an area around them within which evidence relating to the monument's construction, use and abandonment is expected to survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map.

Source: Historic Environment Scotland

Statement of Scheduling

Cultural Significance

The cultural significance of the monument has been assessed as follows:

Intrinsic Characteristics

The monument is an upstanding example of a chambered cairn. Although subject to some removal of the cairn material, it survives as a substantial monument which is suggestive of its original scale and form. It is likely to be an Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairn characterised by a single long chamber divided into stall-like "compartments" by stone uprights.

This example is a large, circular mound situated on a natural crest of a low ridge within boggy moorland. Some of the cairn material has been removed from the cairn and the tops of some orthostats are visible – most notably, two orthostats which appear to face one another in the east and the west of the cairn.  A possible entrance passage is located in the south-east. The monument is broadly aligned southeast-northwest with its entrance passage facing towards the southeast. This is similar to other examples of Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairns studied by Henshall and Ritchie (1995) where there appears to be an overall preference for the entrance to face between the east and the south.

Investigations at a similar site, Altnacealgach Hotel, chambered cairn 460m NW of, Ledmore (SM1765) by Barber (2011) give an indication of what features might be expected to be survive and the likely geological provenance of the stones used. In this case, it appears that the slabs used to build the chamber are made from the local limestone rocky outcrops and these stones have a grey/white appearance.  

Dating evidence from similar chambered cairns elsewhere demonstrates that they were constructed and in use between around 4000 BC and 2500 BC, with some re-used in the later Bronze Age. They were used for communal burial and ritual, and excavation has revealed evidence of complex development sequences. Therefore this cairn may have been in use for a long period of time. Scientific study of the cairn's form and construction techniques compared with other chambered cairns would enhance our understanding of the development sequence of this site and of chambered cairns in general.

Although the cairn material has largely been removed, excavations at similar sites have established that there is good potential for the survival of archaeological deposits, including human burials, artefacts and environmental remains such as pollen and charcoal, within, beneath and around unexcavated or partially excavated examples. These deposits have the potential to provide information about the date of the monuments, ritual and funerary practices, and the structure of Neolithic society, while surviving artefacts and ecofacts would enhance understanding of contemporary economy, land-use and environment.

Contextual Characteristics           

Around 600 chambered cairns are known of in Scotland. This example has been interpreted as an architecturally-distinct subgroup known as the Orkney-Cromarty group, dating to the Neolithic period in Scotland. The group has a widespread distribution across the north and west of Scotland in Inverness-shire, Ross-shire, Caithness, Sutherland and Orkney. They can typically be described as passage graves with their chambers often defined by upright slabs of stones (sometimes described as 'stalls'), demarcating burial space into separate compartments. The cairns built over the top of these structures are mainly round in plan, but some are short horned or long cairns and others heel-shaped - it is the form of the chamber that defines the group (Richards 1992, 65).

Chambered cairns are found in a variety of locations. Some are placed in conspicuous locations within the landscape, such as on the summits of hills or on the shoulders of hills, so as to be deliberately seen on a skyline, or otherwise seen in profile. Their relationship to routeways across and between different terrestrial and marine landscapes, location near to good upland pasture and views over specific areas of land (perhaps relating to different communities) also seems to hold significance.

This cairn is surrounded by a large, low-lying area of boggy moorland, to the south of Loch Urigill and just west of the Allt Cromalt river at around175m AOD. It appears to have been placed on a natural crest of a ridge within the moor and is close to a river.  There are long distance, panoramic views out over the surrounding landscape from the cairn towards the hills in the distance, with at least three prominent mountains including Cul Mor visible. The cairn is also a prominent feature within its landscape. Although presently situated in what might be called a 'remote' location today and in challenging boggy and rocky terrain, its location close to water and in relation to natural topographic features may have been significant in the past.

There is a similar burial cairn in the vicinity of the monument (Cromalt chambered cairn 1150m NNW of, scheduled monument SM13707) which is located approximately 1km to the west. Both examples are part of a wider group of burial cairns found in Sutherland with other examples in close proximity. The spatial arrangement of these examples can give important insights into the wider organisation of the Neolithic landscape and the placing and meaning of such sites in specific locations. This can help us understand more about social organisation, land division and land-use at the time of their construction and use.

Associative Characteristics

There are no known associative characteristics that contribute to this site's national importance.

Statement of National Importance

The monument is of national importance because it makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the past, in particular the design and construction of prehistoric burial monuments. It is an impressive monument that retains its field characteristics to a marked degree. It can be compared with other chambered cairns that survive in the vicinity. In particular, it retains important structural evidence which can inform us of how such monuments were constructed. Chambered cairns are one of the main source of evidence for the Neolithic in Scotland and so are an important part element in our understanding of the nature of Scotland's prehistoric society and landscape. They can enhance our understanding of Neolithic society and economy, as well as the nature of burial and ceremonial practices and belief systems and are an important component of the wider prehistoric landscape of settlement, agriculture and ritual activity. As a well-preserved example of an Orkney-Cromarty chambered cairn, the loss of the monument would diminish our ability to appreciate and understand the meaning and importance of death and burial and the placing of cairns within the landscape in the Neolithic period.

Source: Historic Environment Scotland

Sources

Bibliography

Historic Assynt Archaeological Sites Record 15/03/2015

Barber, J., 2011, 'Loch Borralan East Chambered Cairn – Life and Death in Assynt's Past Project, Highland (Assynt Parish), Excavation', Discovery Excavation Scotland, New Vol. 12, 2011, Cathedral Communications Limited: Wiltshire, 97-98

Burl, A. 1981, 'By the Light of the Cinerary Moon': Chambered Tombs and the Astronomy of Death' in C. Ruggles and A. Whittle (eds.) Astronomy and Society in Britain During the Period 4000 – 1500 BC, British Archaeological Reports, 88

Cavers, G. and Hudson, G. 2010, Assynt's Hidden Lives: An Archaeological Survey of the Parish, AOC/Historic Assynt

Curle, A.O. 1909, Five Field Notebooks, Ms/36/4-8, unpaginated, housed in the National Monuments Records of Scotland

Curle, A.O. 1909, Diary of Fieldwork in Sutherland, 2 Vols, Ms/36/9-10, housed in the National Monuments Records of Scotland

Henshall, A S. 1963a, The Chambered Tombs of Scotland, Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh

Henshall, A.S. and Ritchie, J.N.G., 1995, The Chambered Cairns of Sutherland: An Inventory of their Structures and their Contents, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh

RCAHMS, 1911a, The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions of Scotland, Second Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Sutherland: Edinburgh, page(s): 5, No. 14 RCAHMS Shelf Number: A.1.1.INV(2)

Richards, C, 1992, 'Doorways into Another World: The Orkney-Cromarty Chambered Tombs, in N. Sharples and A. Sheridan (eds.) Vessels for the Ancestors: Neolithic of Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 62-76

Scott, D. (2016) Watchers of the Dawn: Solar and Lunar – Orkney, Cromarty and Clava Passage Cairns: https://watchersofthedawn.wordpress.com/

Source: Historic Environment Scotland