Description

The monument comprises the remains of a sub-rectilinear fort visible as banks and ditches. The fort probably dates to the Iron Age (500BC-500AD) and is located on the summit of a small rise, at around 65m above sea level.

The remains of the fort occupy the flat top of a small rise and is sub-rectilinear on plan. The internal measurement of the fort is around 26m by 26m. A single bank defines the enclosure and is up 5m wide at the north. It is fronted here and on the south by broad ditches. The northern ditch bisects the hillock and is around 6m in breadth and the bank stands 2m above the bottom of the ditch. The southern ditch is up to 8m in breadth and 1.2m deep. The position of the entrance is at the west of the south end of the hillock, where the ditch doesn't cut across the landform. 

The scheduled area is irregular. It includes the remains described above and an area around within which evidence relating to the monument's construction, use and abandonment is expected to survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. All above ground elements of fences and gates are specifically excluded from the schedule.

Source: Historic Environment Scotland

Statement of Scheduling

The national importance of the monument is demonstrated in the following way(s) (see Designations Policy and Selection Guidance, Annex 1, para 17): 

a. The monument is of national importance because it makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the past as a small fort dating from later prehistory, most likely the Iron Age. It adds to our understanding of later prehistoric society in Scotland and the function, use and development of enclosures and other defended sites. 

b. The monument is clearly visible as a substantial field monument, displaying substantial earthwork features, making a significant contribution to our understanding of the past. The plan of the monument is clear and understandable. There is also significant potential for the survival of buried archaeological deposits within the monument that are not visible above ground. The monument can significantly add to our understanding of domestic settlement, agriculture and economy during the later prehistory.

d. The monument is a good example of a defended enclosure from later prehistory. The fort is a good, representative example of its type and form. 

e. The monument has research potential which could significantly contribute to our understanding of the past. It can tell us about the character, development and use of enclosures, and the nature of society, economy and social hierarchy in this area of Scotland and further afield during late prehistory.

f. The monument makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the historic landscape by its association with other prehistoric sites in the area, its locally prominent hilltop location and relationship with the surrounding area. The fort takes advantage of natural topography by enhancing the defensive qualities of the site with the creation of deep artificial ditches and associated banks.

Assessment of Cultural Significance

This statement of national importance has been informed by the following assessment of cultural significance:

Intrinsic characteristics (how the remains of a site or place contribute to our knowledge of the past)

The monument, located on a small hillock, is a sub-rectilinear enclosure surviving as upstanding banks and ditches. The remains are likely to represent a small Iron Age fort and the plan of the monument is clear and understandable. The enclosure is defined by a single bank, which is defended by substantial ditches cutting across the hillock to the north and south. The fort was most likely approached from the south where the slope is easiest and where the ditch isn't fully cut across the hillock, leaving a broad causeway. 

There is significant potential for the survival of archaeological features and deposits, including occupation and abandonment debris, artefacts and environmental remains such as charcoal or pollen within the monument. It has the potential to add to our understanding of settlement, land-use and environment during later prehistory. It has the potential to provide information about the economy, diet and social status of the occupants, as well as the structure of contemporary society and economy. Study of the monument's form and construction techniques compared with other forts would enhance our understanding of the development sequence of this site and of prehistoric forts in general.

Further study of this site could allow us to develop a better understanding of the nature and chronology of the fort, including its date of origin, the character of the remains and the overall development sequence. 

Contextual characteristics (how a site or place relates to its surroundings and/or to our existing knowledge of the past)

Forts are found throughout Scotland. This example is of additional significance because it is a less common example in southern Scotland with an inner enclosure and outer defences.

There are other sites in the vicinity which provide important context for the fort at Kirkland. The National Record of the Historic Environment has 11 other sites, within a 5km radius of Kirkland, recorded as prehistoric forts and an additional four sites recorded as "possible” forts. Therefore, Kirkland is part of a relatively dense cluster of broadly contemporary prehistoric defended enclosed sites. Of further possible interest, Kirkland is one of five forts located within around 1km of the Kirkcudbright Bay estuary and River Dee mouth. This grouping of forts near this watercourse indicates it may have been an important route in prehistory. 

Focussing on the nearby forts located close to the estuary and river, three are designated as scheduled monuments. Carse Mote, fort (SM1058) is located 2.65km north of Kirkland, Castlehill, fort (SM1061) is located 3.25km north-northwest and Doon Wood, fort (SM1067) is located 4km southwest. The closest prehistoric site, designated as a Scheduled Monument, is another fort named Meikle Sypland, fort (SM1097) located only 1.75km east-northeast of Kirkland. Many of the forts located close to the river and estuary have a very similar overall size and topographic setting as Kirkland. Small rises or hillocks are utilised and defensively enhanced with ditches and ramparts. For example, a particularly similar site, is Castlehill fort where a sub-oval hillock or ridge has a central enclosure and a ditch cut right across the natural feature at one end to provide additional defence. 

There is potential to study these sites together to better understand their functions within the local communities, settlement hierarchy and possible chronological development in the area. The monument has the potential to enhance and broaden our understanding of prehistoric society and community as well as social organisation, land division and land use. This monument offers a rare opportunity to help inform our understanding of possible interaction and relationship between enclosed, defended prehistoric sites. There is further potential for detailed study of the relationship of such sites centred around a tidal estuary and major river mouth, specifically the Kirkcudbright Bay area, which may have had prehistoric transportation links and connections across southwest Scotland and northwest England.  

The fort occupies a locally prominent landscape position on top of a hillock. The monument has some views in all directions as a result of its position in the landscape. The monument may have been positioned here to observe or control movement in the vicinity. The locally prominent siting of the fort may have also been a highly visible statement of presence or power to those living nearby or travelling through the area. 

Associative characteristics (how a site or place relates to people, events, and/or historic and social movements)

There are no known specific events or people related to Kirkland fort that significantly contribute to the associative characteristics of the site. 

Source: Historic Environment Scotland

Sources

Bibliography

Historic Environment Scotland http://www.canmore.org.uk reference number CANMORE ID 64071 (accessed on 13/08/2024).

Canmore

https://canmore.org.uk/site/64071/

Source: Historic Environment Scotland