Details

The monument includes contiguous prehistoric to Roman period regular and
irregular field systems, laid out over several phases and extending along the
coastal slopes of Halangy Down and Carn Morval Down on north west St Mary's in
the Isles of Scilly. Within and adjacent to these field systems, the monument
also contains earlier, contemporary and later features. These include two
prehistoric entrance graves on Halangy Down; one, known as `Bant's Carn', is
sited on the south west crest of the Down, the other is located at the foot of
the same slope. A prehistoric standing stone stands at the foot of the
north west slope of Halangy Down and another now lies flat on the lower slope
within a later settlement on the Down's south west edge.
The field systems incorporate prehistoric to Roman settlement sites. Two hut
circles are recorded in the Halangy Down field system, while among the field
boundaries on Carn Morval Down are several levelled stances also typical of
prehistoric house sites. Later settlement is concentrated on the lower slope
at the south west edge of Halangy Down where, on the prehistoric terraces, is
a complex of round and ovoid houses with numerous ancillary features. The
sequence of these buildings extends into the Roman period and culminates in a
multi-roomed building called a courtyard house. This embodies many features of
the neighbouring structures and is arranged with various rooms leading off a
small courtyard, all contained within a massive enclosing wall and entered via
a narrow passage.
Much later features within the monument include a length of defensive bank and
ditch, called a breastwork, behind the coastal cliff below Carn Morval Down
and dating to the English Civil War. Further south west is a stone-lined
hollow called a kelp pit, used to burn seaweed for soda-ash manufacture, an
industry current during the late 17th-early 19th centuries. The coastal slope
of Carn Morval Down also includes a number of small quarry pits worked during
the 19th century.
The Bant's Carn entrance grave on the crest of Halangy Down, the later
prehistoric to Roman settlement site on the slope below it, and the field
system between and north east of them, up to the modern fence and wall to the
north east and south east respectively, form a monument in the care of the
Secretary of State.
The Bant's Carn entrance grave has a prominent position on the crest of
Halangy Down, merging on the east with a prehistoric cultivation terrace
running north east along the crest. The south west edge of the entrance grave
is overlain by a modern north west-south east field wall. The entrance grave
survives with an outer platform around an inner mound containing a slab-built
chamber. The levelled outer platform, to 0.6m high, extends to a kerbed edge
13.5m in diameter on the north and east sides of the mound, and is defined by
a row of near-contiguous slabs, up to 0.6m high, with intermittent slabs along
the northern perimeter. Beyond the platform, a slight slope-break runs 3m
beyond the kerb on the north west, converging on the platform at the north
east. The platform contains a north east-south west entrance passage, 5m
long and 1m wide, meeting the chamber entrance at its inner end. The passage
is faced to the north west by large end-set slabs and blocks; on its south
east face are traces of smaller slabs, with coursed slabs at the inner end.
Within the platform, the entrance grave's ovoid earth and rubble mound
measures 8.6m NNW-SSE by 6.2m ENE-WSW. Its edge is flattened in plan to the
east and merges with the modern field wall on the south west. Its slightly
domed upper surface rises up to 1.5m above the platform, with near-vertical
edges faced by coursed slabs. Within the mound is the ENE-WSW slab-built
chamber, its ENE entrance meeting the platform's passage at a slight angle.
The chamber is 5.25m long, 1.5m high and up to 1.6m wide, tapering slightly to
each end with the entrance constricted by slabs, called portal stones,
projecting in from each side. The chamber has walls of large coursed slabs and
a single large slab closes the inner, WSW, end. The chamber is roofed by four
large slabs, called capstones, up to 2.5m long, laid side by side and spanning
the chamber width. The capstones and the upper walling of the chamber project
to 0.5m above the mound's upper surface. The eastern capstone and southern
portal stone were re-set in 1970 after being displaced; limited excavation
around the portal stone produced decorated prehistoric pottery fragments,
similar to pottery recovered from the inner end of the entrance passage in
1899 by the antiquary Bonsor. Bonsor's excavation also revealed four piles of
cremated human bone at the western end of the chamber floor.
The other entrance grave is 110m NNW of Bant's Carn, at the foot of the slope.
This entrance grave also adjoins a substantial prehistoric terrace, running
north east-south west along the foot of the slope and crossing the south
east side of the entrance grave. The terrace rises over 3.5m high, faced in
places by coursed slabs, as are apparent where it crosses the entrance grave.
The entrance grave is visible as a `D'-shaped earth and rubble mound
projecting 8m from the foot of the terrace and measuring 10m north east-
south west. The mound rises to a flattened top, up to 2.25m high, with the
terrace rising a further 1.5m on the south east. Traces of a slab-built kerb
are detectable along the mound's west and north periphery. The mound contains
a north east-south west chamber, at least 6.2m long and 1m high, tapering in
width from 1.2m at its inner south west end, to 0.45m at the north east limit
of intact walling. It has coursed rubble and block walls and an edge-set slab
closes the south west end. The north east end of the chamber is partly
disrupted by recent disturbance. Two capstones survive, up to 1.5m long and
1.3m wide, over the south west of the chamber, together with a projecting
fragment of a third. Excavation in the chamber in 1929 produced a quantity of
pottery and a pig's jawbone.
Located 200m north east of the latter entrance grave along the foot of the
Halangy Down slope, the monument's northern prehistoric standing stone
survives as a massive erect slab of smoothly weathered granite measuring 1.75m
high by 1m wide and 0.7m thick, of oval section. It stands close to the north
of a boundary junction in the prehistoric field systems.
A second standing stone now lies flat in an ovoid house in the settlement
remains on the south west lower slope of Halangy Down. Uncovered during the
settlement's excavation, it was considered to have been built into the house
wall from which it later fell. The slender granite slab, 2.2m long and up to
0.55m wide, rises 0.2m above the turf. The exposed slab tapers to a blunt
point at the north west. The buried face was largely dressed flat with a
rectangular raised area whose upper corners bore sunken circular motifs.
The prehistoric field systems extend over 7.95ha of the largely north west
facing slopes of Halangy and Carn Morval Downs, covering an area measuring
685m north east-south west by up to 195m wide. They are defined by earth-
and-rubble banks and terraces. Where they run along the contour a substantial
build-up of soil, called a lynchet, has accumulated along the banks' uphill
sides. Two blocks of field system are apparent within the overall area,
divided in the modern landscape by a sunken track running north-south up the
slope between Halangy Down and Carn Morval Down.
The south western area of field system extends over 2.92ha of the steep north
west slope of Carn Morval Down, from its crest to the coastal cliff. It is
visible as a series of heavily lynchetted banks, generally 1m high and 5m-20m
apart, roughly following the contour and frequently wavering to avoid
irregularities on the slope. The lynchets form short, discontinuous lengths,
often linked by curved banks to neighbouring lynchets at their ends. Some
lynchets have a small levelled area behind their crest, considered typical of
early settlement sites. Near the present coastal edge, this pattern alters on
the gentler lower slope. There, at least three curving walls rise obliquely
from the coastal cliff to define small rounded plots, up to 0.08ha in
extent.
The north eastern field system covers 5.03ha of the Halangy Down slope,
from its crest to its foot. This field system displays several phases, basic
to all being a series of terraces and lynchetted banks along the contour,
mostly in the range 7m-40m apart. In most parts, the ground behind the banks
has been artificially levelled to create terraces. The terrace scarps
generally rise to 0.75m high but, as noted above, the lowest terrace rises
over 3.5m high at the foot of the slope, while the upper terrace, merging with
the Bant's Carn entrance grave, rises to 1.5m high. Facing slabs survive along
some terrace scarps. Individual terraces survive to 300m long, though most are
truncated by subsequent modification. On average, seven or eight terraces are
perceptible across any part of the slope. This terracing, undivided, forms the
initial phase of field system and still survives, barely modified, over the
south west and western margins of the Down.
Over most of this area, the terraces are subdivided and in places interrupted
by banks across the slope reflecting later modification. These banks create at
least 15 small, mostly rectilinear field plots and form a regular field system
in the north east 2.25 ha of the overall terraced field system. This
regular field system has itself been considered to reflect at least two phases
or areas of activity. One occupies the south of the regular field system where
terrace subdivisions cross the slope obliquely, east-west, forming a block of
at least seven field plots which may have been laid out from the prehistoric
settlement focus on the lower slope. North east of this block, the rest of the
regular field system contains subdivisions generally running directly
downslope, south east-north west to form at least eight more plots.
Two hut circles are recorded within the Halangy Down field systems. One is
located near the crest of the slope 75m north east of the Bant's Carn entrance
grave. It survives with an ovoid levelled internal area, 3.7m north west-
south east by at least 2m north east-south west. Recent stone-splitting has
displaced a large slab into its interior. Another hut circle has been
previously recorded 140m to the north on the lower slope of the Down in an
area now obscured beneath dense scrub. The settlement area from which the
Halangy Down terraced field system was initially laid out is considered to
have been sited on more level ground to the north west, beyond the monument,
where the encroaching coastal cliff of Halangy Porth exposes rubble buildings
and occupation deposits containing Bronze Age and Iron Age artefacts, with
further prehistoric structures known from the fields between this monument and
the cliff.
Later settlement remains occur within this monument, situated on the lower
slope terraces at the south west edge of Halangy Down. Excavations between
1935 and 1971 revealed a sequence of structures modified and replaced over
roughly 500 years from the later Iron Age to the Roman period. This settlement
complex extends over at least 50m along the slope by 30m wide, spanning four
narrow terraces.
The early phases in the settlement include oval or rounded houses ranging from
7.5m by 5.1m to 7m by 6.75m internally. They are defined by a thick rubble
wall, faced by slabs and uncoursed rubble, and surviving to 1m high and from
0.9m-3.8m wide. Thickened walling in most buildings incorporates small storage
chambers, 1m-2m in diameter, with a constricted opening to the house interior.
The houses have one or sometimes two entrances, formed as faced passages up to
2.2m wide through the wall. Large upright slabs sometimes mark the corners of
entrances and storage chambers. Drainage channels were cut in the underlying
subsoil and narrow drain cuts, mostly stone-lined and covered, passed through
and beside wall footings. One house contained a paved hearth defined by small
slabs and traces of paving were found in an entrance passage.
At least six houses of this form are evident. Two occupy adjoining terraces in
the north east of the settlement and another, now overlain by later
structures, is located near the centre of the settlement. A north east-south
west row of three more houses extends along the lower terraces at the west of
the settlement. The central and south western houses adjoin and are considered
to be broadly contemporary. The south western house also contains the
relocated, recumbent, standing stone described above. This house underwent
considerable enlargement by adding a subrectangular annexe, 5.2m north west-
south east by 4m wide internally, defined by a slab-faced wall and containing
a narrow entrance passage with threshold and door-pivot slabs where it meets
the annexe interior.
The final phase in the settlement is a large multi-roomed courtyard house
occupying the south east of the settlement area. It contains many features of
the other houses in the settlement: each of its rooms resembles one of those
neighbouring houses, whose occupation partly overlapped that of the courtyard
house.
The courtyard house is 27m long by up to 14.5m wide overall and results from
several episodes of alteration, addition and contraction of use. Its overall
plan contains three internal rooms to the north east, south east and south of
an inner courtyard. The oval or round rooms range internally from 7.75m by
5.8m to 3.25m in diameter and, with the courtyard, were formed within a broad
all-enclosing outer rubble wall, up to 3.5m wide and rising over 1m high on
its downhill side. Except where it merges with an adjoining terrace scarp, the
wall has uncoursed rubble facing including large slabs and boulders up to 2m
long and 1m high, and the courtyard's western wall is strengthened by a broad
rubble buttress against its outer side. Prominent end-set slabs mark most
entrances to rooms, to the courtyard and to storage chambers in the wall
thicknesses of the north east room and the courtyard. Sanded floors were noted
in several internal areas, together with stone-lined drains and paved areas in
the rooms and courtyard. In the south east room, a low, straight wall of edge-
set slabs crosses the south east sector, which was then further subdivided
into three small areas 1m-1.3m wide, the southern area occupying a blocked
former entrance to the room. This room also has a small slab-edged hearth,
0.6m diameter, overlying a drain. The southern room was blocked off and partly
demolished during the life of the courtyard house. The courtyard measures 6.5m
north west-south east by up to 6m north east-south west, with a north western
area partitioned off by edge-set slabs. The east side of the courtyard was
cobbled while deeper made-up ground on the west had layers of paving patched
with cobbles and millstone fragments. The courtyard house was entered through
a curved passage, 4.5m long, extending from the south west corner of the
courtyard and partly paved by slabs covering a drain from the south east room.
Excavations at this settlement produced many artefacts, including Iron Age
pottery, local and imported Romano-British pottery and some early post-Roman
pottery. Stone implements included flint and quartz tools, a slate spindle-
whorl and disc, several millstones and part of a mould-stone for casting metal
dishes. Metal finds included bronze brooches and fragments of iron and iron
slag, the latter taken to indicate limited iron processing here. A large
midden beside the north west wall of the courtyard house produced economic
evidence: most of the heap comprised limpet shells, used either directly as
food or indirectly as bait. Other components included bones of fish, cattle,
sheep, pig and horse.
In the mid-17th century, the Civil War breastwork was built behind the coastal
cliff along the southern end of Toll's Porth, covering these low cliffs
against landing parties. It is visible as an earth bank up to 2.5m wide, 0.4m
high on its inner side and 0.6m high on the outer side. The outer side is
almost vertical with traces of beach cobble facing. The landward side of the
bank is accompanied by a ditch, up to 1.75m wide and 0.3m deep. The breastwork
survives over 50m, truncated at each end by cliff erosion.
Beyond the south west end of the breastwork is a small slab-lined hollow
called a kelp pit, in which seaweed was burnt to produce soda-ash, an industry
which lasted from 1684 to 1835. The kelp pit is 2.5m from the cliff edge and
is visible as a circular hollow, 1.4m in diameter and 0.6m deep, shaped as an
inverted truncated cone. The sides are lined by slabs, up to 0.4m across, laid
edge to edge, with a single slab lying flat on the base.
Nineteenth century stone extraction within the monument has produced at least
15 small quarry pits, mostly on the Carn Morval Down slope, which contain
debris bearing drilled splitting holes characteristic of stone splitting after
AD 1800. Quarrying hollows are also evident on terrace edges beside the
settlement complex on Halangy Down. A major stimulus for this extensive 19th
century stone extraction was the construction of the new pier at Hughtown
during 1835-1838, much of its stone being recorded as shipped down from along
the western coastline of St Mary's.
Beyond the monument, prehistoric settlement remains in the Halangy Porth cliff
have already been noted. Bronze Age funerary cairns are located on the Carn
Morval Down plateau, south east of the monument. A prehistoric standing stone,
the Long Rock, is located 155m north east of the monument and prehistoric
field systems and settlements extend along the north east coast of St Mary's
from 160m north of the monument. West of the Halangy Down settlement is a
cemetery of small funerary chambers called cists, of a form typical of the
Romano-British period in Scilly. The nearest cist is recorded 12m west of the
monument. The breastwork in this monument is part of an extensive series of
surviving Civil War defensive works around the coast of St Mary's including
gun batteries and a platform on Carn Morval Point, 140m south west of the
monument, and a battery on the headland between Toll's Porth and Halangy
Porth, 50m west of the monument. The latter battery gave a field of fire
over the bay fringed by the breastwork included in this monument.
All English Heritage notices, plinths, signposts, gate, stile, fences and
fittings and the modern gravel surface in the chamber of Bant's Carn, together
with the surfaces of the modern tracks, all post and wire fences and gates,
the beehives and the notices around the television mast enclosure are excluded
from the scheduling, although the ground beneath all these features is
included.

MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
It includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features,
considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.

Source: Historic England

Reasons for Scheduling

The Isles of Scilly, the westernmost of the granite masses of south west
England, contain a remarkable abundance and variety of archaeological remains
from over 4000 years of human activity. The remote physical setting of the
islands, over 40km beyond the mainland in the approaches to the English
Channel, has lent a distinctive character to those remains, producing many
unusual features important for our broader understanding of the social
development of early communities.
Throughout the human occupation there has been a gradual submergence of the
islands' land area, providing a stimulus to change in the environment and its
exploitation. This process has produced evidence for responses to such change
against an independent time-scale, promoting integrated studies of
archaeological, environmental and linguistic aspects of the islands'
settlement.
The islands' archaeological remains demonstrate clearly the gradually
expanding size and range of contacts of their communities. By the post-
medieval period (from AD 1540), the islands occupied a nationally strategic
location, resulting in an important concentration of defensive works
reflecting the development of fortification methods and technology from the
mid 16th to the 20th centuries. An important and unusual range of post-
medieval monuments also reflects the islands' position as a formidable hazard
for the nation's shipping in the western approaches.
The exceptional preservation of the archaeological remains on the islands has
long been recognised, producing an unusually full and detailed body of
documentation, including several recent surveys.

Several types of early field system have been identified from surviving
archaeological remains; both regular and irregular field systems are forms
known to have been employed in the Isles of Scilly from the Bronze Age to the
Roman period (c.2000 BC-AD 400). Regular field systems comprise a collection
of field plots defined by boundaries laid out in a consistent manner, along
two dominant axes at approximate right angles to each other. The resulting
rectilinear fields may vary in size and length:width ratio within the field
system. By contrast, collections of field plots that form irregular field
systems generally lack conformity of orientation and arrangement. Both forms
of field system contain plots bounded by rubble walls or banks, often
incorporating edge-set slabs. They may be associated with broadly contemporary
settlement sites including stone hut circles and courtyard houses. Some field
systems on the Isles of Scilly have a distinctive and rare association whereby
certain boundaries directly incorporate or link prehistoric funerary
monuments, including some entrance graves. By virtue of their sometimes
extensive survival, early field systems may also include a variety of features
pertaining to a later date, including Civil War fieldworks and kelp pits.
Although no precise figure is available, regular and irregular field systems
together account for the great majority of prehistoric field system patterns
which survive in over 70 areas of the Isles of Scilly. They provide
significant insights into the physical and social organisation of past
landscapes and give evidence for the wider context within which other
nationally important monuments were constructed.

The monument contains an unusually wide range of inter-related and
well-preserved features representing much of the period of human occupation on
the Isles of Scilly. The direct association within the monument between
prehistoric field systems, entrance graves and standing stones is rare and
illustrates the relationship between farming, funerary and ritual land uses
among prehistoric communities on the islands. The evidence for the developing
form of the field systems and the shift of their settlement focus from the
present coastal fringe to the lower slope site within the monument
demonstrates well the organisation of settlement and farming activities and
the responses precipitated by the rising sea level on Scilly.
The settlement on the lower slope of Halangy Down provides an unparalleled
breadth of evidence for the nature of Romano-British domestic life in this
remote outlier from the Roman Empire. The range of this evidence is increased
by the close proximity of the monument to a broadly contemporary group of
funerary cists. The courtyard house with which the settlement culminated is
also important in the study of that distinctive class of monument, not only in
extending their known distribution beyond the Penwith peninsula but also in
providing some of the clearest evidence for how these complex buildings
developed. Although an area of the settlement was recently excavated, the
excavations did not remove most of the latest structural elements and
confirmed along its edges the surface evidence that other parts of the
settlement survive beyond the excavated area. Consequently the structural
sequence remains largely intact, even within the excavated area, preserving
earlier buried features. The excavations have indicated a wealth of
archaeological information embodied within the hillwash deposits, buried land
surfaces and structures that will survive in those adjacent unexcavated
sectors of the settlement.
Later activities within the area of the monument's field systems have produced
several features of importance in their own right. Among these, the Civil War
breastwork beside Toll's Porth survives substantially intact, despite some
encroachment from the coastal cliff. Together with the nearby batteries, the
breastwork forms part of an inter-related complex of surviving fieldworks
which defended the northern approach to the strategically important military
centre on The Garrison, which lies to the south west of Hugh Town, thereby
showing well the role and disposition of fieldworks. The kelp pit within the
monument also survives well and, together with the evidence for stone-robbing
and quarrying, illustrates the sequence of more recent activities practised on
this coastal margin.

Source: Historic England

Sources

Books and journals
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Other
AM7 & Ancient Monuments Terrier for SI 350,
AM7 and Ancient Monuments Terrier for SI 350,
Ancient Monuments Terrier for Scilly County Monument No.350,
consulted 1993, AM7 and Ancient Monuments Terrier for Scilly County Monument 350,
consulted 1993, AM7 and Ancient Monuments Terrier for SI 350,
consulted 1993, Parkes, C & Ratcliffe, J/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7443, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7441, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7442.02, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7446, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7442.01, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7442.02, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7442.03, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7444, (1988)
consulted 1993, Parkes, C/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7490, (1988)
consulted 1993, Ratcliffe, J, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7450, (1988)
consulted 1993, Ratcliffe, J/CAU, AM 107 for Scilly SMR entry PRN 7449, (1988)
DOE/HBMC, Ancient Monuments Terrier for Scilly County Monument No.350,
Release 01; pp 2-3, Raymond, F, EH Monument Class Description: Courtyard Houses, (1988)
Saunders, A D, AM7 scheduling documentation for SI 782, 1970, consulted 1993
Title: 1:10000 Ordnance Survey Map: SV 91 SW
Source Date: 1980
Author:
Publisher:
Surveyor:

Title: 1:2500 Ordnance Survey Map, SV 8715
Source Date: 1980
Author:
Publisher:
Surveyor:

Title: 1:2500 Ordnance Survey Maps: SV 9012 & SV 9112
Source Date: 1980
Author:
Publisher:
Surveyor:

Title: 1:2500 Ordnance Survey Maps; SV 9012 & SV 9112
Source Date: 1980
Author:
Publisher:
Surveyor:

Source: Historic England