Summary

Minor Romano British villa 890m east of Windmill Farm.

Source: Historic England

Details

This record was the subject of a minor enhancement on 18 August 2015. This record has been generated from an "old county number" (OCN) scheduling record. These are monuments that were not reviewed under the Monuments Protection Programme and are some of our oldest designation records.

This monument includes a minor Romano British villa situated on a gentle north west facing slope of Ball’s Hill overlooking the Ball’s Water. The villa survives as predominantly buried features, layers and deposits visible as the slightest of surface undulations. The villa was discovered in 1945 in a field known as Snow Mead. Partial excavations from 1946-52 and 1960-63 revealed the villa originated as a wingless corridor type dwelling house with a short wing added subsequently to the southern end and to the north west corner is a large octagonal bath house. The living rooms are linked by a veranda which faces onto a gravelled yard. The bath house was fully excavated and found to be unusually elaborate for a villa of this type having a complex of six rooms with hypocausts and a large octagonal bath. At least one mosaic associated with the bath house has fish motifs. At least nine patterned mosaics survive in various living rooms and all were not earlier than the 4th century. Two tessellated floors and painted wall plaster were also discovered along with hypocausts. Finds included pottery and objects of iron, bronze and glass together with some coins. A subsequent geophysical survey has indicated further structures, field boundaries and possible industrial workings associated with the main dwelling house. It is known locally as ‘Lufton Roman Villa’.

Source: Historic England

Reasons for Scheduling

Romano-British villas were extensive rural estates with groups of domestic, agricultural and occasionally industrial buildings at the focus. The term "villa" is now commonly used to describe either the estate or the buildings themselves. The buildings usually include a well-appointed dwelling house, the design of which varies considerably according to the needs, taste and prosperity of the occupier. Most of the houses were partly or wholly stone-built, many with a timber-framed superstructure on masonry footings. Roofs were generally tiled and the house could feature tiled or mosaic floors, under-floor heating, wall plaster, glazed windows and cellars. Many had integral or separate suites of heated baths. The house was usually accompanied by a range of buildings providing accommodation for farm labourers, workshops and storage for agricultural produce. These were arranged around or alongside a courtyard and were surrounded by a complex of paddocks, pens, yards and features such as vegetable plots, granaries, threshing floors, wells and hearths, all approached by tracks leading from the surrounding fields. Villa buildings were constructed throughout the period of Roman occupation, from the first to the fourth centuries AD. They are usually complex structures occupied over several hundred years and continually remodelled to fit changing circumstances. They could serve a wide variety of uses alongside agricultural activities, including administrative, recreational and craft functions, and this is reflected in the considerable diversity in their plan. The least elaborate villas served as simple farmhouses whilst, for the most complex, the term "palace" is not inappropriate. Villa owners tended to be drawn from a limited elite section of Romano-British society. Although some villas belonged to immigrant Roman officials or entrepreneurs, the majority seem to have been in the hands of wealthy natives with a more-or-less Romanised lifestyle, and some were built directly on the sites of Iron Age farmsteads. Roman villa buildings are widespread, with between 400 and 1000 examples recorded nationally. The majority of these are classified as `minor' villas. Minor villas are found throughout lowland Britain and occasionally beyond. Roman villas provide a valuable index of the rate, extent and degree to which native British society became Romanised, as well as indicating the sources of inspiration behind changes of taste and custom. In addition, they serve to illustrate the agrarian and economic history of the Roman province, allowing comparisons over wide areas both within and beyond Britain. Despite partial excavations the minor Romano British villa 890m east of Windmill Farm will contain further archaeological and environmental evidence relating to its construction, development, longevity, social, political and economic significance, agricultural practices, trade, industrial activity, domestic arrangements, abandonment and overall landscape context.

Source: Historic England

Sources

Other
PastScape Monument No:-196068

Source: Historic England